ASSESSMENT OF SUBSURFACE WETLAND SYSTEMS FOR GREY WATER TREATMENT IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS
Keywords:
grey-water treatment, subsurface wetland systems, removal efficiency, performanceAbstract
This study investigates the efficiency of subsurface wetland systems in treating contaminated grey-water in Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria. Initial and final concentrations of water quality parameters were evaluated before and after treatment respectively, at five different locations. Removal efficiency of contaminants was calculated, and multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to assess treatment performance. Cluster analysis was employed to identify similarities among treated water samples. All sampled gray-water violated the NSDWQ standard limits hence highly polluted. However, significant reductions in most contaminants after treatment were recorded, the system recorded an above average removal efficiency in pH, EC, Fe, TDS, Turb., TSS and total coliform with Tur. 96.97 %. Temp, Cu, Fe, NO2, TH, DO, COD and Feacal coliform were below average for removal efficiency recorded by the system. Principal component analysis reveals changes in water quality profiles before and after treatment. The scree plot of the eigenvalue of each component shows five components with PC1 having eigenvalue greater than one (>1) therefore most significant and account for the dataset total variance. The lower component loading for PC2-PC5 is an indication of anthropogenic activities which came through waste disposal, spills and leaching from hazardous waste dump sites or certain chemicals.
References
Abedin, S.B., Rakib, Z.B. (2013): Generation and quality analysis of greywater at Dhaka City. – Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 64(2): 29-41.
Akpen, G.D., Eze, R.A.M. (2006): Water pollution modeling of the river Benue in the reach of Makurdi town. – NSE Technical Transactions 41(2): 1-20.
Alsulaili, A.D., Hamoda, M.F. (2015): Quantification and characterization of greywater from schools. – Water Science and Technology 72(11): 1973-1980.
Casanova, L.M., Gerba, C.P., Karpiscak, M. (2001): Chemical and microbial characterization of household graywater. – Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 36(4): 395-401.
Do Couto, E.D.A., Calijuri, M.L., Assemany, P.P., da Fonseca Santiago, A., de Castro Carvalho, I. (2013): Greywater production in airports: Qualitative and quantitative assessment. – Resources, Conservation and Recycling 77: 44-51.
Enokela, O.S., Seini, S.A. (2013): A Stochastic investigation of rainfall variability in relation to legume production in Benue State-Nigeria. – The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) 2: 42-48.
Hanjra, M.A., Qureshi, M.E. (2010): Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. – Food Policy 35(5): 365-377.
Katukiza, A.Y., Ronteltap, M., Niwagaba, C.B., Kansiime, F., Lens, P.N.L. (2015): Grey water characterisation and pollutant loads in an urban slum. – fInternational Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12: 423-436.
Maine, M.A., Sune, N., Hadad, H., Sánchez, G., Bonetto, C. (2007): Removal efficiency of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment according to vegetation dominance. – Chemosphere 68(6): 1105-1113.
Morel, A., Diener, S. (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or neighbourhoods. – Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland 107p.
Pejman, A.H., Bidhendi, G.N., Karbassi, A.R., Mehrdadi, N., Bidhendi, M.E. (2009): Evaluation of spatial and seasonal variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques. – International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 6: 467-476.
Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., Sinha, S. (2004): Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)-a case study. – Water Research 38(18): 3980-3992.
Somanathan, E., Somanathan, R., Sudarshan, A., Tewari, M. (2021): The impact of temperature on productivity and labor supply: Evidence from Indian manufacturing. – Journal of Political Economy 129(6): 1797-1827.
United Nations (2017): Sustainable development goals: Goal 6 targets facts and figures. – United Nations 7p.
Varol, M.E.M.E.T., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., Şen, B. (2012): Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques-a case study. – River Research and Applications 28(9): 1428-1438.
Vymazal, J. (2001): Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: their potential for nutrient removal. – Transformations of Nutrients in Natural and Constructed Wetlands 93p.
Zhang, D.Q., Jinadasa, K.B.S.N., Gersberg, R.M., Liu, Y., Ng, W. J., Tan, S.K. (2014): Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in developing countries–a review of recent developments (2000–2013). – Journal of Environmental Management 141: 116-131.
Zhi, W., Ji, G. (2012): Constructed wetlands, 1991–2011: A review of research development, current trends, and future directions. – Science of the Total Environment 441: 19-27.
